SnapShot: Neuromodulation

SnapShot: Neuromodulation

Neuromodulation Section

Objective. Spinal cord and peripheral neurostimulation techniques have been practiced since 1967 for the relief of pain, and some techniques are also used for improvement in organ function. Neuromodulation has recognized complications, although very rarely do these cause long-term morbidity. The aim of this article is to present a review of complications observed in patients treated with neuros...

Neuromodulation in

s are only included if they are not published later on in full article format. Abbreviations: IED,interictal epileptiform discharges; VNS, vagus nerve stimulation; 3-MPA, 3-mercaptoproprionate;PTZ, pentylenetetrazol; MES, maximal electroshock seizure; SWDs, spike and wave discharges; ADD,afterdischarge duration. Zanchetti et al. (1952) were among the first to experiment with the ant...

SnapShot: melanoma.

SnapShot: Macroautophagy

(Middle) Cellular Events in Macroautophagy Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a catabolic process in which portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered within double-or multimembraned vesicles termed autophagosomes and then delivered to lysosomes for bulk degradation. The initial phases of macroautophagy consist of the formation of a phago-phore, which is also called an isolati...